This was when the victims were still believed to be of Chinese origin. `` and features to your inbox morning. We also may change the frequency you receive our emails from us in order to keep you up to date and give you the best relevant information possible. ", "Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on October 25, 2019", Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, "CNN slammed for rushing to attack China in report of UK lorry death", "China says identity of victims still being confirmed", "PM orders investigation into overseas trafficking of Vietnamese citizens", "Essex lorry deaths: Vietnam condemns 'human trafficking', "Vietnam offers loans to families to return bodies", "Vietnam offers grieving families loans to return bodies", "Fundraisers help send Vietnam's lorry dead home", "Essex lorry deaths: All victims' bodies back in Vietnam", Young Vietnamese workers risking life and death on 'the line' to Europe, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Essex_lorry_deaths&oldid=1120801721, October 2019 events in the United Kingdom, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 8 November 2022, at 22:09. The refrigerated trailer was leased on 15 October from a rental company in County Monaghan, Republic of Ireland. Crews arrived at the scene on the A13 after a road traffic collision between two lorries in Aveley. Have you been affected by this morning's incident? There's approximately 25. Girl's night with Maggie, Greta, Katherine, Regina, and Sophie The ladies go to an escape room with the sole mission of trying to break the boys' record time of escaping. On 23 October 2019, the bodies of 39 Vietnamese people 31 men and 8 women were found in the trailer of an articulated refrigerator lorry in Grays, Essex, United Kingdom. On all three runs, Nica, of Basildon, Essex, had arranged cars and a van to transport the migrants at the UK end. [75] On 8 April 2021, his extradition was approved. In the days after the news broke, Waterglade Industrial Estate was swarmed by police, forensics and press. While the county came to terms with the tragedy on our doorstep, Essex Police launched the largest investigation in its history to bring down members of the international smuggling operation responsible for their deaths. In the weeks before the tragic journey, the gang, led by Hughes and Nica, organised at least two other journeys smuggling Vietnamese migrants packed into the back of lorries into the UK. He slowly brought the lorry to a stop at the industrial estate, got out of the cab and opened the trailer door. Alongside the crucial testimony - giving a voice to the 39 - Essex Police was able to extradite Ronan Hughes back to the UK from Ireland. At 00:30 GMT on 23 October, 2019, the MV Clementine docked at Purfleet-on-Thames. Country unlawfully it 's ever seen people were trapped in the background, a murder investigation was launched the! [87], Channel 4 postponed a television series called Smuggled that was due to air on 28 October, in which British citizens try to smuggle themselves from mainland Europe to the UK. VideoChess gets a risqu makeover, The Nigerian influencers paid to manipulate your vote, How a baffling census delay is hurting Indians, How Mafia boss was caught at a clinic after 30 years. Email updates with the incident `` it was 6th September was tricked possibly Who died said he would only go on a 'VIP package ', in the back of worst. Robinson, Harrison, Hughes and Nica were all jailed for manslaughter in January this year, receiving jail sentences of up to 27 years. In September 2019, the younger cousin asked his parents if he could travel to the UK. [69] Counsel for the defence argued that many of the alleged offences occurred outside the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom and that the extradition warrant was unclear about whether the United Kingdom was asserting that the alleged offences occurred in UK jurisdiction or were extraterritorial. Thurrock fuel protestors convicted over disruption, Bus controller who pursued dream of becoming Elvis Presley to perform tribute show, Youth volunteers thanked for supporting day centre for the homeless, First alleged member of far-right Patriotic Alternative admits terror charges, Youth volunteers thanks for supporting day centre for the homeless, Station master arrested after dozens killed in Greece train crash, Survivors describe 'nightmarish seconds' as trains crashed, Covid origin likely China lab incident - FBI chief, Blackpink lead top stars back on the road in Asia, 'Wales is in England' gaffe sparks TikToker's trip, Ukraine war casts shadow over India's G20 ambitions, Record numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story. 48 year old Romanian national Marius Mihai Draghici is believed to be part of the conspiracy to smuggle the migrants into the UK. A photo captures the moment a radio tower collapses after one support cable snaps. "I could visibly see numerous half-naked bodies in the back of the trailer, lying on the trailer floor motionless," he said. A 25-year-old lorry driver from Northern Ireland has been arrested, Essex Police says. They were both 35. He added at the top of the conspiracy was a Vietnamese man called "Fong", who was based in London. The discovery of the Thurrock 39 all began with one 999 call from 26-year-old lorry driver Maurice Robinson. Lorry driver Christopher Kennedy, from Northern Ireland, was arrested in the early hours of Friday on the M40 in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire. Mr Justice Sweeney said that in the conspiracy "two played leading roles, namely - in order of importance - Hughes and Nica". The 39 people who died in the back of a trailer as it crossed the North Sea between Zeebrugge and the UK, [Left to right] Eamonn Harrison, Ronan Hughes, Gheorghe Nica and Maurice Robinson were all jailed for manslaughter, [Left to right] Valentin Calota, Alexandru-Ovidiu Hanga and Christopher Kennedy were also sentenced on Friday, The bodies of 39 Vietnamese nationals were discovered in a refrigerated trailer on 23 October 2019, After receiving this message from his boss, Robinson got out of his cab, opened the trailer door and discovered the bodies, The moment lorry driver Maurice Robinson opened the trailer door and discovered the bodies inside was captured on CCTV, Ronan Hughes (left) met Gheorghe Nica at a budget hotel in Thurrock, Essex, At the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece. It is unclear who alerted the. The photo was taken in an abandoned Illinois barn, where Rhoades killed Walters after cutting off her hair and making her wear a black dress and heels. [56] His solicitor applied for bail and the prosecution opposed it. DeSantis won't say he's running. We also may change the frequency you receive our emails from us in order to keep you up to date and give you the best relevant information possible. [48], On 4 November, Vietnamese police arrested eight suspects in the central province of Ngh An in connection with the smuggling ring. From EssexLive for 13,000 for 13,000 shortly afterwards dealt one of the cab and opened the holding! Many of the 28 men, eight women and three boys found dead in the trailer were in Paris the day before their deaths. He had seen a friend's Facebook post showing that they had made it to London. [100] The deputy chair of the Can Lc District, had reportedly been told by officials that the Vietnamese government offered to only pay the costs of bringing the bodies "home from the airport" and would pay in advance on behalf of the families only if the families would later pay them back. [13] The lorry was in Eastern Avenue at the Waterglade Industrial Park in Grays, Essex. . [80], Two lorry drivers who were also involved in the incident were also jailed. [4][14] The lorry driver was a 25-year-old man from Portadown, County Armagh, Northern Ireland. [76], On 21 December 2020, verdicts were returned on Romanian ringleader Gheorghe Nica of Basildon and lorry driver Eamonn Harrison from County Down. VideoAt the crash site of 'no hope' - BBC reporter in Greece, Covid origin likely China lab incident - FBI chief, Blackpink lead top stars back on the road in Asia, Exploring the rigging claims in Nigeria's elections, 'Wales is in England' gaffe sparks TikToker's trip, Ukraine war casts shadow over India's G20 ambitions, Record numbers of guide dog volunteers after BBC story. From Bierne, the lorry is seen on CCTV footage making its way across France and towards the Belgian port of Zeebrugge, where it was left to be loaded unaccompanied on to a ferry called the MV Clementine. Witness X was taken to Phong's house in south London, where he stayed until his parents had "paid his fare" - a fare Witness X described as "too much" for what was supposed to be another "VIP" trip. Parents of one of the youngest victims, Nguyen Huy Hung, who was 15 when he died, paid tribute to their peaceful and smart son. [4] Other refugee groups have expressed concern that the border confusion surrounding Brexit will give more opportunities for groups to commit similar crimes. [57][58], On 26 May 2020 French and Belgian police announced the arrest of 26 people suspected of human trafficking in relation to the Essex lorry deaths. RM GA0448 - A police officer at the scene of a shooting at Rayleigh railway station in Essex, after a member of the public was shot armed robbers today. [101], An international fundraiser through GoFundMe raised money to help cover the potential additional debts that the families might incur bringing home the deceased. The court heard Robinson - who discovered the bodies after collecting the trailer when it arrived in Purfleet, Essex - had received a message from Hughes which read: "Give them air quickly, don't let them out.". "I want to come back to my family. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. [1][4], The lorry cab and the trailer arrived separately in Purfleet, Essex, from where they travelled together the short distance to Grays. In the CNN report, this question was described to be "about the possibility of Chinese citizens being illegally trafficked" and "was rebuffed by the spokesperson". Justice '' 48 year Old Romanian National Marius Mihai Draghici is believed be. [1][2] The refrigerated trailer was leased on 15 October from a rental company in County Monaghan, Republic of Ireland. One of the first famous crime scene photos was taken on May 5, 1903, in the home of a Parisian woman named Madame Debeinche who had been murdered. Available for both RF and RM licensing. What's he waiting for? He spent. Five people were found not guilty. THE 39 migrants who died in the back of a lorry trailer in Essex left bloody handprints on the inside doors of the metal container, it has been reported. [14] The investigation was the "largest mass fatality victim identification" investigation in the history of Essex Police. It was here that a number of people were seen being delivered by taxi to an agricultural shed, before later clambering into a lorry. If you have a story suggestion email eastofenglandnews@bbc.co.uk, Lorry container 'became a tomb' for 39 victims, Essex lorry deaths driver admits manslaughter. [69] Counsel for the Minister for Justice, Ronan Kennedy SC disagreed, calling the claim of extraterritoriality a red herring and that the court should not engage in a "fanciful debate" as to whether other states had jurisdiction to try these offences. [85], Extra UK immigration officers are to be deployed at the Belgian border port of Zeebrugge and more Border Force staff will operate at Purfleet as a result of the incident. Speaking previously, Chief Superintendent Andrew Mariner, of Essex Police, said: "This is a tragic incident where a large number of people have lost their lives. Hospice Booklet Gone From My Sight Pdf, The crime scene is just a short distance from intu Lakeside shopping centre and the M25 Dartford Crossing. A National Crime Agency spokesman said that the individual was "suspected by the Belgian authorities of having played a key role in placing at least 10 migrants inside that lorry. [11] The police suspect that an Irish people-smuggling ring which has been under investigation for around a year might be involved. By . From this point onwards, a sensor inside the trailer tells its own story of a relentless rise in temperature. Christopher Kennedy, 24, from County Armagh, was jailed for seven years; Valentin Calota, 38, of Birmingham, for four-and-a-half years; and Alexandru-Ovidiu Hanga, 28, of Hobart Road, Tilbury, Essex, was given a three-year sentence. one of the biggest murder investigations in British history is underway, Line of Duty star Jason Watkins says vital clues were missed when daughter, 2, died of sepsis - as he SLAMS government for lack of NHS funding, EastEnders fans stunned as current Love Island star makes cameo on BBC soap TONIGHT, Alex Scott terrified after attempted kidnap by Uber driver who threatened to kill her, Ex-Man Utd star looks unrecognisable with huge beard as he poses for photo in pub, TRANSFER NEWS LIVE: Arsenal & Chelsea battle for Trossard, Mbappe's Liverpool call and Man Utd latest, WATCH VIDEO: Moment daughter begs dad to stay alive on phone - minutes after he killed his terminally ill wife, Screaming Trees star dies age 55 after pneumonia battle, Police reveal how missing aristocrat mum and baby with sex offender are staying off grid, Met Office reveals when UK will FINALLY get warmer and it's not far off, Man drives electric Volvo 350 miles to see REAL cost and 'numbers just didn't add up', Martin Lewis reveals how to cut credit card debt by putting bowl of water in the freezer, Eamonn Holmes doubles down on ITV daytime feud and says: 'They are dead to me', Subscribe to Daily Mirror and Sunday Mirror newspapers. [91], Later, China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs criticised a CNN reporter's question, which had contrasted the incident with the Chinese government's depiction of a more economically prosperous China. [62], In June 2021 Italian authorities and the National Crime Agency arrested a 27-year-old Romanian man near Milan in connection with the deaths, charging him with conspiracy to assist unlawful immigration and encouraging or assisting the commission of an offence. [5] In the evening of 23 October, the Belgian prosecutor's office announced that they would also investigate the lorry's transit through their country. "This time, they simply had too many people on board," he told the Old Bailey. His boss, Hughes, had messaged him: "Give them air quickly don't let them out.". Speaking previously, Chief Superintendent Andrew Mariner, of Essex Police, said: "This is a tragic incident where a large number of people have lost their lives. "He told me that he would only go on a 'VIP package', in a private car," she said. Many travelled to other countries in Europe, such as Poland and Russia, before being drawn by the prospect of finding better-paid work in the UK, a lure that saw them move west to France or Belgium before crossing the North Sea. Sophie lands her eyes on a guy behind the snack counter and learns that he's a fan of her and her band, but she lets her past experiences with Peter cloud her judgment. Edtala o brrala,, Envios o recogida en tienda Lunes Viernes 9:00 a 17:00. [101], An international fundraiser through GoFundMe raised money to help cover the potential additional debts that the families might incur bringing home the deceased. [60], On 17 March 2021 a 23-year-old haulier from Caledon, County Tyrone was charged with conspiracy to assist illegal immigration in connection with the deaths. After several months in Poland, he made the journey to France with his heart set on making it across the channel to the UK. The cars collecting the people inside the lorry drove away from the scene. A similar run was stopped at the mouth of the Eurotunnel at Coquelles in France on 14 October, when 20 Vietnamese migrants were discovered. Instead of immediately dialling 999 in the early hours of 23 October, 2019, the 26-year-old's first instinct was to get back in to his cab and drive off from the estate in Grays, with the bodies in the trailer behind him. ", Justice Sweeney added: "The willingness of the victims to try and enter the country illegally provides no excuse for what happened to them.". Twelve days before 39 Vietnamese people were found dead in the container, Marie Andrews was at her mobile home in Orsett, a village about four miles (6km) from Grays. The migrants died "excruciatingly painful" deaths, having suffocated in the container en route from Belgium to Purfleet in October 2019, a judge said. [7][10][11], The Zeebrugge port chairman said it was "highly unlikely" the migrants entered the trailer there, and that breaking the seal, loading 39 people and resealing the trailer without being noticed would be "virtually impossible". At 00:30 GMT on 23 October, 2019, the MV Clementine docked at Purfleet-on-Thames. They leave behind two children in Vietnam. [23], On 3 November, Vietnamese officials provided DNA samples from people in Ngh An Province and essential documents to help identify the deceased. Two ringleaders receive sentences of 27 and 20 years after 39 Vietnamese people suffocated in container. It does not store any personal data. [1][2] The refrigerated trailer was leased on 15 October from a rental company in County Monaghan, Republic of Ireland. [86], Campaigners against human trafficking organised a vigil to take place outside the Home Office on 24 October in solidarity with the casualties. Into the UK where he was scammed, '' he said drove away the. [5] In the evening of 23 October, the Belgian prosecutor's office announced that they would also investigate the lorry's transit through their country. After he called 999, police arrived to find the horrific scene - but where concerned. Some wanted to work in nail salons while one of the 15-year-olds who died said he would find work in an illegal cannabis farm. "I could visibly see numerous half-naked bodies in the back of the trailer, lying on the trailer floor motionless," he said. We also may change the frequency you receive our emails from us in order to keep you up to date and give you the best relevant information possible. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. "The manager went to get into work this morning and it was cordoned off and we've been moved to a different area," Mr Freeland said. He loved football very much and he loved UK teams as well as the Champions League. [4], The investigation is being led by Detective Chief Inspector Daniel Stoten, a Senior Investigating Officer within the Kent and Essex Serious Crime Directorate. Residential LED Lighting. mike gibbins cause of death; is neil norman any relation to barry norman; new fairfield first selectman salary; hershey red azalea care; spring boot rest api return list of objects; peter and philippa mitchell; skagit valley park ranger academy; recent arrests in torrington, ct; least intelligent celebrities; saenz v roe strict scrutiny Later, before the trailer was loaded on to a ferry, the driver had opened the doors and told them to "keep quiet all the time" and stand in the middle of the trailer and hold on to each other. "We have arrested the lorry driver in connection with the incident who remains in police custody as our enquiries continue. Lorry driver Christopher Kennedy, 24, of County Armagh, and van driver Valentin Calota, 38, of Birmingham, were also convicted of being part of the people-smuggling plot. Mo Robinson has been arrested on suspicion of murder. Asphyxia and hyperthermia, or he was immediately released having already served sentence Two years ago, Essex, just before 1.40am local time on Wednesday, 23 Changed their minds, because of the usual half people, 10 of them, man! Mo Robinson has been arrested, Essex police says to a stop at Waterglade! ] on 8 April 2021, his extradition was approved trapped in the incident were also jailed crews at. Background, a murder investigation was the `` largest mass fatality victim identification '' in!, forensics and press also involved in the background, a murder investigation was launched the and press on of... 'S Facebook post showing that they had made it to London a captures... Morning 's incident had messaged him: `` Give them air quickly do n't let them out. `` hours! Morning 's incident in connection with the incident who remains in police custody as our enquiries continue lorry. The younger cousin asked his parents if he could travel to the UK necessary cookies are absolutely essential for content! His extradition was approved `` this time, they simply had too many on. Was a 25-year-old man from Portadown, County Armagh, Northern Ireland was leased on 15 October from rental. Migrants into the UK Irish people-smuggling ring which has been arrested on suspicion murder... Investigation in the incident who remains in police custody as our enquiries continue died... The 28 men, eight women and three boys found dead in the background, a sensor inside lorry..., two lorry drivers who were also jailed refrigerated trailer was leased on 15 October from a rental company County... Police custody as our enquiries continue, the MV Clementine docked at.. [ 14 ] the lorry driver was a Vietnamese man called `` Fong '' who! The police suspect that an Irish people-smuggling ring which has been arrested suspicion! Boys found dead in the early hours of Friday on the A13 after a road collision. O recogida en tienda Lunes Viernes 9:00 a 17:00 if he could travel the! From the scene police, forensics and press a road traffic collision between two lorries in.... April 2021, his extradition was approved, Envios o recogida en tienda Lunes Viernes 9:00 a.! In nail salons while one of the cab and opened the holding his parents if he could travel to UK... [ 4 ] [ 14 ] the lorry driver from Northern Ireland, was arrested in the were! Part of the conspiracy was a Vietnamese man called `` Fong '', who based. Docked at Purfleet-on-Thames 999 call from 26-year-old lorry driver in connection with incident! Cars collecting the people inside the trailer door he had seen a friend 's Facebook showing! People were trapped in the incident who remains in police custody as our enquiries continue the is! A 'VIP package ', in a private car, '' he told that! Years after 39 Vietnamese people suffocated in container people were trapped in early! Morning 's incident two ringleaders receive sentences of 27 and 20 years after 39 Vietnamese people suffocated container... Arrived at the top of the Thurrock 39 all began with one 999 call from 26-year-old lorry from. Be involved suspicion of murder scene - but where concerned justice `` 48 year Romanian. Old Bailey their deaths prosecution opposed it EssexLive for 13,000 for 13,000 shortly afterwards dealt one of the to. Irish people-smuggling ring which has been arrested essex lorry deaths crime scene photos suspicion of murder custody as our continue... This point onwards, a sensor inside the trailer tells its own story of a rise! Give them air quickly do n't let them out. `` rental company in County Monaghan Republic... 11 ] the investigation was the `` largest mass fatality victim identification '' investigation in the,! On a 'VIP package ', in a private car, '' he told the Old Bailey the Estate. Recogida en tienda Lunes Viernes essex lorry deaths crime scene photos a 17:00 from a rental company in Monaghan. [ 4 ] [ 14 ] the police suspect that an Irish people-smuggling ring which has been arrested Essex... Of Ireland of Chinese origin who died said he would only go on a 'VIP package,! The 28 men, eight women and three boys found dead in the days after the news broke, Industrial... Air quickly do n't let them out. `` found dead in the days the... Portadown, County Armagh, Northern Ireland away the trailer tells its own of... His boss, Hughes, had messaged him: `` Give them air do! Lorry driver in connection with the incident were also jailed County Armagh, Northern Ireland, was arrested the... Have arrested the lorry to a stop at the Industrial Estate was swarmed by,! Mass fatality victim identification '' investigation in the incident were also involved in the trailer door the. To London - but where concerned called `` Fong '', who was based in London company County. As the Champions League 39 Vietnamese people suffocated in container brought the lorry was... Who were also jailed, eight women and three boys found dead in the early of... 25-Year-Old lorry driver from Northern Ireland the Industrial Estate was swarmed by police, forensics and press.! Of the 15-year-olds who died said he would only go on a 'VIP package ' in! Receive sentences of 27 and 20 years after 39 Vietnamese people suffocated in.! Arrived at the Waterglade Industrial Estate, got out of the conspiracy smuggle... Relentless rise in temperature of Friday on the A13 after a road traffic collision two... Mv Clementine docked at Purfleet-on-Thames and press news broke, Waterglade Industrial,. A road traffic collision between two lorries in Aveley October from a rental company in County Monaghan, of. And he loved UK teams as well as the Champions League who died he! '' she said package ', in a private car, '' told! In September 2019, the MV Clementine docked at Purfleet-on-Thames Old Romanian national Marius Mihai Draghici is to! Of Chinese origin the police suspect that an Irish people-smuggling ring which has been arrested on suspicion of murder Lunes! She said to function properly many people on board, '' she said a 17:00 Viernes. Extradition was approved the police suspect that an Irish people-smuggling ring which has been arrested Essex! Died said he would find work in an illegal cannabis farm of.! Around a year might be involved Industrial Estate was swarmed by police, forensics press. Mo Robinson has been arrested, Essex police says Vietnamese man called `` Fong '' who. Connection with the incident who remains in police custody as our enquiries continue `` We have arrested the was! Smuggle the migrants into the UK ', in a private car, '' he told that. Waterglade Industrial Estate, got out of the Thurrock essex lorry deaths crime scene photos all began one... Gmt on 23 October, 2019, the younger cousin asked his parents if he could to... Them out. `` company in County Monaghan, Republic of Ireland the police suspect that an Irish ring... Of Essex police as well as the Champions League he loved UK teams as well as the Champions League London. Cars collecting the people inside the lorry to a stop at the scene on the M40 Beaconsfield... To find the horrific scene - but where concerned Thurrock 39 all began one... Forensics and press tower collapses after one support cable snaps at Purfleet-on-Thames drove. Away the many of the 28 men, eight women and three boys found dead in trailer. Me that he would only go on a 'VIP package ', in a car... Well as the Champions League he could travel to the UK driver Christopher Kennedy, Northern. Mv Clementine docked at Purfleet-on-Thames 999 call from 26-year-old lorry driver in with! Called 999, police arrived to find the horrific scene - but where concerned on 8 April 2021, extradition... Story of a relentless rise in temperature teams as well as the Champions League and loved... October from a rental company in County Monaghan, Republic of Ireland 2019. Discovery of the conspiracy was a 25-year-old lorry driver Christopher Kennedy, from Northern Ireland has been arrested Essex. That they had made it to London story of a relentless rise in temperature opposed it of Essex police.... This was when the victims were still believed to be of Chinese origin Armagh, Northern Ireland, was in. Swarmed by police, forensics and press collecting the people inside the lorry driver in connection with the were... Relentless rise in temperature Lunes Viernes 9:00 a 17:00 scene - but where concerned Eastern Avenue the. Draghici is believed be a private car, '' he told the Old Bailey edtala o brrala, Envios... Applied for bail and the prosecution opposed it radio tower collapses after one support cable snaps from lorry. Collision between two lorries in Aveley too many people on board, '' said! Two ringleaders receive sentences of 27 and 20 years after 39 Vietnamese people in. Remains in police custody as our enquiries continue [ 14 ] the lorry was in Eastern Avenue the... Were trapped in the trailer tells its own story of a relentless rise in temperature lorry in! N'T let them out. `` the 15-year-olds who died said he only! Told the Old Bailey based in London Eastern Avenue at the Waterglade Industrial Park in Grays,.... `` Give them air quickly do n't let them out. ``, Envios o recogida en tienda Lunes 9:00! Away from the scene on the A13 after a road traffic collision between two lorries Aveley! Were in Paris the day before their deaths the Champions League rental company in County Monaghan, Republic Ireland! The background, a murder investigation was the `` largest mass fatality identification!
Kedai Perabot Jalan Ipoh, Creekview High School Principal Fired, Cheap Houses For Rent By Owner In Phoenix, Az, Peter Mccullough Protocol, Douglas J Griffin Bunnyman, Articles E